The Animal Welfare Institute Is An Organization - 1519 Words

Introduction: I remembered how throughout my life I respected and admired people that tried to help animals in need. I remembered how I felt when I saw first-hand the result of abuse. I remembered how I wanted to help those poor animals that were being treated so cruelly. And for all that I remembered, I decided that the Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) was the interest group I felt strongly for and chose to research. Animals are a big part of many people’s lives. They provide companionship; they provide daily assistance to those that have deficits and are having difficulty functioning in their daily life; they provide security and help keep a watchful eye on things, plus so much more. And yet, with all that animals do for us, there are those that are treated with such little regard, care, and cruelty. They are unable to speak for themselves and therefore, they need a voice to speak for them. Mission: The Animal Welfare Institute is an organization that provides a voice for animals in pain. Since its founding in 1951, AWI has sought to alleviate the suffering inflicted on animals by people. In the organization s early years, our particular emphasis was on the desperate needs of animals used for experimentation. In the decades that followed, we expanded the scope of our work to address many other areas of animal suffering. We seek better treatment of animals everywhere - in the laboratory, on the farm, in commerce, at home, and in the wild. At present, there are severalShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation At University College London1685 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction a. Attention getter device: This is a picture of a kitten that was forced to undergo animal experimentation However, this is only one of the 11 at University College London that had part of its skull removed for a three-day round of experiments. The first day involved the kitten being paralyzed as electrodes and probes were put into their brains to be able to measure what they saw. The second day involved a plate being screwed into the skulls of the 11 kittens and they were placedRead MoreIs the Captivity of Killer Whales for Entertainment Purposes Inhumane?924 Words   |  4 Pagesfor this to be done to humans, it is equally inhumane for it to be done to animals. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, inhumanity is â€Å"the quality or stage of being cruel to other people or to animals† (dictionary.com) and that is what their captivity is, cruel. The quality of life has been deprived from these helpless animals and they are literally â€Å"dying to entertain [humans]à ¢â‚¬  (Williams). The Animal Welfare Act was a law that was signed and put into effect in 1996, which is one of theRead MoreThe Cruelty And Dangers Of Seaworld889 Words   |  4 Pagesaquarium. The cruelty and dangers that SeaWorld presents to these animals need to be diminished. The environments they live in, the lifestyle they have adapted to, and the behaviors that have resulted from captivity are shocking. The breeding program in place at SeaWorld and the accidents that have happened in the facility that houses these whales are equally horrifying. The organization of PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, began its campaign â€Å"SeaWorld of Hurt† in May 2012. We need joinRead MoreAnimal Testing (Speech Outline)1200 Words   |  5 PagesbSpecific Purpose/b Ââ€" To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and how other safer alternatives should be taken. br brbCentral Idea/b Ââ€" By going the extra mile in using safer alternatives when experimenting with animals wi ll not only prevent conflicts from pro-life activists, it will minimize lawsuits and morals will be preserved. br brbIntroduction/b brI. Okay I got a riddle I made up for the class. brA. What was once cute and furry but becomes a bloody rottedRead MorePeople For The Ethical Treatment Of Animals ( Peta ) Is A Non Profit Animal Activist Group1579 Words   |  7 PagesPeople For The Ethical Treatment Of Animals (PETA) is a non-profit animal activist group that focuses explicitly on exposing animal brutality and ensuring the safety of all animals. PETA promises to protect animals from misconduct, abuse, brutality, and inhumane slaughtering. The activist group’s official motto is, ‘’ Animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way’’(PETA). This motto officially means that animals are not ours to use or cause essentialRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1227 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy million animals are injured or killed in order for private institutes, household product companies, military training programs, medical research’s, cosmetic industries, educational institutes and governmental agencies to gain knowledge of their own products and narrow out the harmful substances for consumers, All of which has been done at an innocent animal’s expense. Even though these companies have alternative choices to test on rather than animals, they choose to run animal trials due toRead More Animal Testing (speech Outline) Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages Specific Purpose – To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and how other safer alternatives should be taken. Central Idea – By going the extra mile in using safer alternatives when experimenting with animals will not only prevent conflicts from pro-life activists, it will minimize lawsuits and morals will be preserved. Introduction I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Okay I got a riddle I made up for the class. A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What was once cute and furry but becomes aRead MoreThe Animal Welfare Act ( Awa )897 Words   |  4 Pages Some scientist argue animals often make better research subjects than humans. Certain scientists believe this because many animals have a shorter life cycle than humans. In the same manner that mice are one of the most used animals for medical research testing, they live for only two to three years. Scientist are able to study the effects of treatments or genetic manipulation over a whole lifespan and even across several generations. 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A New Union Agreement And How Does It Affect Employees,...

What is a new union agreement, and how does it affect employees; and company management that is currently under the control of the labor union? Well, a new union agreement is that of an understanding between two parties, which come to an agreeable compromise that will benefit all parties involved; called collective bargaining. It’s a process of two groups coming together and finding a way to resolve issues there facing, while reaching a mutual written agreement; without barriers. â€Å"During preparation for negotiation, both sides are likely to attempt to define three critical points; which are the maximum limit, expectations; and the desired results of items being negotiated† (DeNisi Griffin, 2014, pp, 256-257). One example is in this†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Because sometimes a long history of acrimonious relationships between management and labor makes it difficult for two sides to negotiate in good faith† (DeNisi Griffin, 2014, pp, 259). Additio nally, when these parties come face to face sometimes their distrust in one another can cause havoc, then the start pointing finger to one another; which in turn will cause them to re-think any proposal put on the table. Remember, negotiation can be a complicated process, especially if inept negotiators are in control; also if proper communication isn’t factored into the agreement between both parties. That’s why if any side of the parties choose to have someone speak out on the behalf, they must be knowledgeable in all areas; otherwise it can cause difficulties to settle in. Then as a result if both parties still cannot come to a reasonable commendations, or that of a new contract agreement to replace the existing one; then they may want to assume it as being impasse. While this new agreement might be very beneficial for the management team to become successful once again, it may not be such a good alternative to the union or it members; for they might just consider it being impasse. Once an impasse has been determined, either party can then move forward by taking things into their own hands; by simply doing away with the impasse or dismissing it. By just taking the appropriate steps to overcome any differences between the two negotiating parties; by listening to

The Global Foundation of Independent Audit - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about The Global Foundation of Independent Audit. Answer: Introduction: The relevant evaluation of auditing standard is mainly conducted in the assignment, where ASA701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report is been evaluated for TPG Telecom Limited. The relevant annual report of TPG Telecom Limiteddoes not comply with the ASA 701 standard, where the independent auditor report does not hold any kind of Key Audit Matter. The relevant assessment of risk from material misstatement or significant risk in accordance with ASA 315 is also evaluated for TPG Telecom Limited. This evaluation could directly help in detecting the measures that needs to be conducted by the company in its financial report for allowing the investor to understand the relevant misstatement. The Communication of Key Audit Matters was mainly conducted in annual report of the organisation after the commencement of financial crisis, as companies were not disclosing all the relevant data in their annual report. With the implementation of Key Audit Matter companies were mainly forced by accounting standard to follow the regulation for reducing the occurrence of next financial crisis. Moreover, companies are mainly responsible for disclosing the explanatory materials in key audit report in the independent auditors report. This disclosure is mainly conducted according to the standard mentioned in ASA 701, which could depict actual financial condition to its stakeholders. Analysis: The relevant analysis of the annual report could mainly help in detecting the material misstatement, which could increase problems of the organisation. After the passing of financial crises, authorities mainly detected problems in financial report of organisation, where all the relevant disclosure was not conducted by companies. This relevant problem in disclosure mainly led to the implementation of ASA 701, which is a disclosure measure that needs to be communicated in the annual report. Therefore, relevant disclosure of Key Audit Matters needs to be disclosed by the company in their annual report. The evaluation of the annual report of TPG Telecom Limited also helps in detecting signification risk with ASA 315, which could affect its operations. Arens, Elder and Beasley (2014) mentioned that with the help of material misstatement relevant evaluation of the problems, which could incur in future can be estimated. Moreover, from the evaluation of annual report any kind of problems hin dering activities of the company can be estimated, which might allow the investors in detecting problems of the organisation. On the other hand, Basu (2016) criticises that non-disclosure of material misstatement could eventually increase the unethical measures of the organisation. The evaluation of annual report of TPG Telecom Limited could eventually help in depicting high risk if material misstatement in accordance with ASA 315 are conducted as follows. Assessed areas of high risk of material misstatement: After the evaluation of TPG Telecom Limited annual report no relevant Key Audit Matter (KAM) is communicated by the company to its shareholders. This relevantly reduces compliance of the organisation with the ASA 701 in disclosing all relevant matters. The evaluation of annual report mainly helps in depicting the disclosure, which is been conducted by the company. This could eventually help in stating the problems faced by the organisation, where the director and independent auditor depicts that there is no material misstatement in annual report of the organisation. The company is not following with the overall ASA 701, which mainly reduces viability of the annual report depicted by the organisation. The relevant disclosure of Key Audit Matter (KAM) is also not being depicted in the annual report of the organisation. This mainly indicate the lack of Auditing standard ASA 315 conducted by the company and the auditor. Furthermore, the use of ASA 315 could allow investors of TPG Telecom Limited to identify the risk of material statement present in the organisation. Accounting policies adopted by the company mainly helps in depicting the actual financial posit on of the organisation. However, the non-representation of Key Audit Matters in the annual report of TPG Telecom Limited mainly indicates the noncompliance of ASA 701 conducted by the organisation. Moreover, there has been high profile scandals conducted by companies where auditors have unethically represented financial strength of the company, which directly questions creditability of the independent auditors report without Key Audit Report. The auditors of TPG Telecom need to understand the business risk, where identification of material misstatement is essential to be conducted. The business environment risk, firms operation risk, business entity risk and other forms of risk needs to be evaluated by auditors before evaluating the audit procedure. The evaluation of approach used by organisation, such as top down approach could also increase the chance of material misstatement, as employe es have no say in the decisions conducted by organisation. Therefore, understanding the business risk, which could convert into audit risk needs to be evaluated by the organisation. Cao, Chychyla and Stewart (2015) stated that auditors need to evaluate all the business process of the organisation to understand the actual risk, which could arise material misstatement. The use of ASA 701 was mainly implemented after the completion of financial crisis, which was started in 2007. The crisis mainly allowed audit Assurance board to detect unethical measures conducted by organization and independent audit companies while formulating the financial report. This unethical measure in preparing the financial report as mainly portrayed wrong financial strength of the organization, which increased share value and allowed companies to retain more capital from the market. However, during the financial crisis all the companies using unethical measure mainly collapsed and no buyers were present for their shares. This directly declined financial stability of the capital market and economy of various countries all around the world. Hence, it could be understood that the implementation of ASA 701 is mainly a measure taken by the audit Assurance board for reducing any kind of unethical ways used by organizations. Chandler (2014) stated that companies used their debts as income in their financial report to hide their insolvency condition from investors. The ASA 701 was mainly a measure for stopping the company to use unethical measures in preparing their annual report and increase transparency in portraying their actual financial condition. Significant risk identified in accordance with ASA: In addition, to the non-representation of Key Audit Matters the company has no material misstatement, which was identified by the independent audit report. However, according to the audit standard ASA 315 conducted by auditing and assurance standard board, auditors with the standard will be able to recognisees risk of material misstatement present in companys financial books. Moreover, the ASA ruling states that auditors need to evaluate business environment, internal control, and external risk, which could arise material misstatement of the organisation. ASA 315 directly indicates that auditors need to use the guideline depicted in paragraphs from A9 t A11 and A27 to A30. This could directly help auditors in identifying the material misstatement, which could increase audit risk. This relevant evaluation could also allow the auditors in detecting frauds, which could be conducted by companies in inflating their balance sheet. In this context, Cohen and Simnett (2014) mentioned that au ditors due to the measures depicted in ASA standard are able to detect frauds, which could be conducted by companies in preparing their annual report. On the other hand, Earley et al. (2016) argued that independent auditors are influenced by management to use unethical measures in their audit report for inflating financial performance of the company. However, the current financial report of TPG Telecom Limited does not comply with the ASA 315 standard, as there is no material misstatement that is identified by auditors. In addition, the auditors need to follow ASA 315 paragraph A105 to A108, which enables them to identify risk of material misstatement that is present within operations of the organisation. Moreover, the evaluation could also help in asserting different levels of diverse transaction classes while detecting performance of audit process. The auditors are mainly able to detect financial risks, while analysing financial report of the organisation to detect material misstatement hindering their financial stability. Hay, Knechel and Willekens (2014) stated that auditors by implementing audit procedures are able to detect financial viability of companys annual report. Research- extent and application: The TPG Telecom Limited annual report does not comply with ASA standard, which is needed by every organization. This noncompliance of preparing the key audit matters could directly increase audit risk of the organization. This relevant audit risk could be identified with the help of audit procedures, which needs to be followed by auditors. The Railways procedures needs to be followed by auditors to evaluate and analyze risk involved in operations of the organization. Firstly, the identification of risk pertaining business objectives portrayed in the financial report needs to be evaluated by the auditor. This evaluation could eventually help in identifying the material misstatement, which could depict wrong financial statement of the organization. Secondly the auditors need to approximate the importance of risk to the management of the company, who needs to comply with regulations laid down by Audit Assurance Board. In addition, the likelihood of occurrence of certain risk needs to be identified by auditors which might increase material misstatement in future of the organization (Junior, Best and Cotter 2014). Furthermore, relevant activities conducted by the organization needs to be evaluated for identifying any kind of risk pertaining from those actions. Areas in financial report that needs significant management judgement: There are different levels of internal control that needs to be conducted by organizations for reducing the risk from material misstatement. In addition,evaluation of internal control for specific entity needs to be conducted by the independent auditors for detecting the chance of material the statement. according to ASA 315 A36to A41, relevant understanding of industry divisions and risk involved in operations of the organization needs to be evaluated by the auditor's. This evaluation could eventually help in detecting the external factors, which could be applicable on the formation of financial report. The understanding of internal control needs to be conducted by auditors for adequately completing the audit procedure. This could eventually allow the auditor to understand the complex internal control, which is being conducted by the organization for completing its operations. Furthermore,majority of the internal controls evaluated by the auditors needs to comply with the process of financial reporting, as detection of material misstatement is the major priority for the auditor. According to ASA 315 paragraph A42 to A65, professional judgement of the assessor regarding specific control could be conducted by the auditor for singling out controls, which could have material misstatement. In this context, Kinney (2015) stated that auditors by evaluating annual report and operations of the company are able to detect any kind of risk, which could lead to material misstatement in the financial report. The audit process conducted by the auditor's needs to comprehend in the control environment in which operations of the organization is being conducted. this evaluation could eventually help auditors to understand the overall activities conducted by the administration within the organization. this evaluation could eventually lead to a detection of any kind of material misstatement present within the Governance of the organization. Moreover, this could also help in detecting the culture of honesty as well as ethical behavior present within the organization employees and Management. this overall detection could eventually help in detecting material misstatement present within the operations of the organization. Therefore, auditors need to evaluate external and internal control of TPG Telecom Limited for identify any kind of material misstatement, which could be present in its operations. However, both directors and independent auditors of the firm has depicted no material misstatement p resence in operations of the company (Knechel and Salterio 2016). In addition, the detection material misstatement could evaluate the actual financial position of the company. therefore, from the identified material misstatement the auditors could portray the actual financial position of the company to the stakeholders. These material misstatements can be shown directly in key audit matters section of the annual report, which could in turn increase viability of their annual report. The effect of significant events and transactions occurred during the period: The evaluation of significant events and transactions that has been conducted by the company during the fiscal year also needs to be evaluated by auditors. This evaluation could eventually allow the auditors to detect any kind of strange activities or risk which might increase the chance of material misstatement. Currently, TPG Telecom Limited directly provides all the relevant information regarding their activities in the annual report. Therefore, different impact of the event and transactions occurred during the period can be evaluated by auditors. Different accounting standards such as ISA 260 could also be violated by the organization,issues regarding internal audit procedures might eventually rise. As depicted by Louwers et al. (2015), companies following all the relevant accounting standards are able to portray actual financial position to the stakeholders, which depicts the honesty of the organization in conducting their operations. Moreover, the evaluation of significant even ts could allow the auditors to identify any kind of risk involved in both internal and external factors of the organization. Moreover, the internal and external process could also be evaluated by the auditor during the period. this kind of detection of different types of risk identified from operations could eventually allow the auditors to understand material misstatement of the organization. on the contrary, Messier, Glover and Prawitt (2014)argued that companies use the independent auditor's report as a cover for hiding all the relevant unethical measures conducted during the fiscal year. Recommendation and conclusion: From the evaluation of all the relevant ASA standard such as ASA 701, ASA 315 and ISA 260, companies are needed to portray their actual financial position in the annual report. Companies that are not providing key audit matters in the annual report could eventually increase suspicion of the investors regarding their activities. Hence, TPG Telecom Limited needs to prepare key audit matters in their annual report to identify any kind of material misstatement a present in its operation. The disclosure needs to be conducted by the organization in the annual report to the investors, which could help in portraying the actual financial position of the company. Therefore, it is essential for TPG Telecom Limited to adopt ASA 701 and ASA 315 in its operations for complying with the Audit and Assurance Board. The company also needs to acquire an experience auditor or an audit company, which could depict actual financial position of the organization. This selection of the auditor is essential, a s they need to know all the relevant standards and regulations which needs to complete their actual financial report. Thus, the company need to prepare financial report where all the relevant accounting standards are depicted and addressed according to the regulation. Lastly, all the relevant transactions conducted by the company during the fiscal year needs to be evaluated by the auditor for detecting the material misstatement present within operations of the organization. this detection of material misstatement could eventually allow the auditor to convey the message in key audit matters of the organization. This transfer of information from the auditors to the investors could eventually help them understand the actual financial position of the organization while making a relevant investment decision. Reference and Bibliography: Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M.S., 2014. Edisi 15.Auditing and Assurance Services: An Integrated Approach. England: Pearson Education Limited. Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. and Jones, J., 2015.Auditing: The Art and Science of Assurance Engagements. Pearson Canada. Basu, S.K., 2016.Auditing Assurance. Pearson Education India. Cao, M., Chychyla, R. and Stewart, T., 2015. Big Data analytics in financial statement audits.Accounting Horizons,29(2), pp.423-429. Chandler, R., 2014. Auditing and assurance.London School of Economics. London. Cohen, J.R. and Simnett, R., 2014. CSR and assurance services: A research agenda.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.59-74. Earley, C.E., Hooks, K.L., Joe, J.R., Polinski, P.W., Rezaee, Z., Roush, P.B., Sanderson, K.A. and Wu, Y.J., 2016. The Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association's Response to the International Auditing and Assurance Standard's Board's Invitation to Comment: Enhancing Audit Quality in the Public Interest.Current Issues in Auditing,11(1), pp.C1-C25. Gist, W.E., Anderson, U.L., Janvrin, D.J. and Pitman, M.K., 2015. Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on the IESBA ED Release (August 14, 2014), Proposed Changes to Certain Provisions of the Code Addressing the Long Association of Personnel with an Audit or Assurance Client: Participating Committee Members.Current Issues in Auditing,9(1), pp.C18-C22. Hay, D., Knechel, W.R. and Willekens, M. eds., 2014.The Routledge companion to auditing. Routledge. Junior, R.M., Best, P.J. and Cotter, J., 2014. Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.1-11. Kinney Jr, W.R., 2015. GAAS 1963-2012: The Global Foundation of Independent Audits and Research in Auditing. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Louwers, T.J., Ramsay, R.J., Sinason, D.H., Strawser, J.R. and Thibodeau, J.C., 2015.Auditing assurance services. McGraw-Hill Education. Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2014. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach; Diterjemah oleh Denies Priantinah, Linda Kusumaning Wedari, 2014.Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Moroney, R. and Trotman, K.T., 2016. Differences in Auditors' Materiality Assessments When Auditing Financial Statements and Sustainability Reports.Contemporary Accounting Research,33(2), pp.551-575. Segal, M., 2017. ISA 701: Key Audit Matters-An exploration of the rationale and possible unintended consequences in a South African.Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences,10(2), pp.376-391. Simnett, R., Carson, E. and Vanstraelen, A., 2016. International Archival Auditing and Assurance Research: Trends, Methodological Issues, and Opportunities.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,35(3), pp.1-32. Simnett, R., Zhou, S. and Hoang, H., 2016. Assurance and other credibility enhancing mechanisms for integrated reporting. InIntegrated Reporting(pp. 269-286). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Sinclair, R., Sinclair, R., Cordery, C.J. and Cordery, C.J., 2016. Bridging the gap between academia and standard setters.Pacific Accounting Review,28(2), pp.135-152. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

Keeping Things Whole Essays - Fiction, Narration, Narratology

Keeping Things Whole Although it's not a lengthy poem, the few words and their layout in "Keeping Things Whole" certainly possess great significance. This poem is centered on the idea that the narrator's life is lacking purpose. In exploring the meaning of his existence, he determined that his reason for living was to keep moving so that people's lives were only temporarily interrupted. Strand's technique of splitting up his sentences helps emphasize certain phrases and ideas. When I read poetry I naturally pause for a brief second at the end of each line to allow the words to sink in, therefore taking an extra moment to realize what the author is saying. With each line in this poem only a few words long, there is a higher pause-to-word ratio, which allows for more thought for each idea the first time you read through it. Strand splits up the sentences in places where he is trying to convey more meaning, with the hope that the reader will pause and contemplate what was just read. His stanzas are concluded when he wants more attention placed on his current idea. The narrator's viewpoint towards life in this poem is quite different from how most people see it. Where he writes, "In a field / I am the absence / of field." (ll. 1-3) instead of acknowledging his existence as something, he regards it as a lack of something. This negativity towards himself is what the entire poem is focused on. He uses the idea that when his body enters an area the parts of that area are momentarily interrupted and are forced around him, just waiting to return back to normal once he leaves: "When I walk / I part the air / and always / the air moves in / to fill the spaces / where my body's been." (ll. 8-13) The "air" in that line symbolizes the existence of other people around him, and the narrator sees himself as a nuisance to those people, always being in the way. He is saying that whenever he enters into a location with a bunch of people, those people see him as a bother and simply as something that they must put up with for a little while. They can't wait for the narrator to leave so that they don't have to put up with him anymore and can therefore return to what they were doing. The last stanza explains the narrator's reason for "moving," or in other words living: "I move / to keep things whole." (ll. 16 & 17) He understands that he must keep moving and going on with his life even though he is interrupting the existence and paths of others. When I read those last two lines I felt a sense of saddened acceptance of life in the narrator's speech. Since he concluded that his existence was unnecessary and bothersome, the only way he can continue in his monotonous life is by continually moving around, so that he disturbs everyone's lives equally and doesn't become too much of a bother in one place. With that mindset, the narrator believes that his absence is what keeps things whole.

Free Essays on The Lottery

The Lottery: Foreshadowing Every June twenty-seventh the villagers in the small town gather in the square for the annual â€Å"lottery†. The children usually arrive first. They play and gather stones in preparation for the drawing. The husbands and fathers are the next to gather. They tell jokes, but â€Å"they smiled rather than laughed.† The men do not seem to be as excited as the children are. When finally the women arrive, the families form into their respective groups and they wait for Mr. Summers- the lottery official- to commence the drawings. There are volunteers to hold "box" from which the â€Å"heads of the families† draw the slips. One-by-one the papers are withdrawn from the customary box by chosen heads of the families. As instructed by Mr. Summers, no one is allowed to view the slips until all the paper pieces have been removed. They are called up in alphabetical order until every family is represented by a slip of paper. Once the drawing has finished they are allowed to look at their paper slips to see who receives entrance into the next round of the lottery. On this day in the story, the one who holds the fateful slip of paper is Bill Hutchinson. With the next round, each of his family members is asked to draw their own piece of paper from the black box. The three children are the first to draw. Little Dave chooses a slip, then Nancy and Bill Jr. is the last of the children. Tessie Hutchinson- Bill’s wife- is the fourth to draw, with Bill being last of the family members to receive his fate. One at a time the pieces of paper are opened to reveal each person’s secret. The crowd voices their relief as the children’s papers show them to be out of prize contention. Bill then opens his slip to find that, he too, will not be able to claim the lottery winnings. Tessie’s paper is opened last, to reveal that she is the winner. She has the â€Å"black dot† on her slip, which had been... Free Essays on The Lottery Free Essays on The Lottery Every society has endless sides to it, which some people may consider certain actions morally wrong while others view them simply as a part of every day life. Shirley Jackson uses many successful techniques to bring her story, The Lottery, to a height of excitement and confusion as the names were drawn to a state of silence or anger when the stones are thrown. Shirley Jackson uses symbolism, diction, and characterization and to show the utmost power ritual has on society. Shirley Jackson implants many examples of symbolism throughout her story The Lottery. She chose them for a purpose or reason in order to pick your mind and make you stop and think about what happened and more importantly why it happened. The first thing mentioned is the date and time of year. June 27th which just happens to be a week after the summer solstice (Windows). It is described as a â€Å"clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day† (Jackson). The setting could not have been a better time of the year for a happily town meeting then a bright, cheerful, yet calm summer day. As the town gathers, a three-legged stool is brought up and placed in front of the entire village and an old black wooden box is placed on it (Jackson). The three-legged stool symbolizes instability most likely among the villagers. A stool with two legs will not stand up, and a stool with four legs is going to be the strongest, so a three-legged stool is right in between, not quite sturdy yet not utterly useless. The black box set on this tipsy stool symbolizes death in most ways (Protas). The box is described as â€Å"black but splintered badly along one side to show the original wood color†¦[and] made with some pieces of the box that had preceded it† (Jackson). Death is one of the main things in life that is sure to happen at one time or another and having it placed directly in front of the villagers in a old, black, wooden box symbolizes it is going to happen t... Free Essays on The Lottery The damaging effects of blind adherence and religious hypocrisy are just two of the many reoccurring themes mentioned throughout the following literary pieces: â€Å"The Lottery,† â€Å"On The Road,† â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find,† â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and â€Å"A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings.† This following paper will support its thesis through the interpretations and perspectives of, â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, shows the damaging effects of blind adherence. In the infamous short story, an unexamined ritual has been taking place longer than living has been alive. This ritual is the stoning of one randomly selected person from town on the 27th of June. This small town continues to enact this ritual though it is considered barbaric in modern times. To understand the present you must know the past. The original purpose of the lottery was to sacrifice to the god of the harvest. â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon,† as Old Man Warner said.(Jackson 852) However, the question at hand is, Is the ritual still necessary? According to the introduction to the story, â€Å"The flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green.†(Jackson 849) Clearly there is no need for a human sacrifice, it seems that Mother Nature is ensuring a good crop for that year. The harverst god need not be appeased.... Free Essays on The Lottery The Lottery: Foreshadowing Every June twenty-seventh the villagers in the small town gather in the square for the annual â€Å"lottery†. The children usually arrive first. They play and gather stones in preparation for the drawing. The husbands and fathers are the next to gather. They tell jokes, but â€Å"they smiled rather than laughed.† The men do not seem to be as excited as the children are. When finally the women arrive, the families form into their respective groups and they wait for Mr. Summers- the lottery official- to commence the drawings. There are volunteers to hold "box" from which the â€Å"heads of the families† draw the slips. One-by-one the papers are withdrawn from the customary box by chosen heads of the families. As instructed by Mr. Summers, no one is allowed to view the slips until all the paper pieces have been removed. They are called up in alphabetical order until every family is represented by a slip of paper. Once the drawing has finished they are allowed to look at their paper slips to see who receives entrance into the next round of the lottery. On this day in the story, the one who holds the fateful slip of paper is Bill Hutchinson. With the next round, each of his family members is asked to draw their own piece of paper from the black box. The three children are the first to draw. Little Dave chooses a slip, then Nancy and Bill Jr. is the last of the children. Tessie Hutchinson- Bill’s wife- is the fourth to draw, with Bill being last of the family members to receive his fate. One at a time the pieces of paper are opened to reveal each person’s secret. The crowd voices their relief as the children’s papers show them to be out of prize contention. Bill then opens his slip to find that, he too, will not be able to claim the lottery winnings. Tessie’s paper is opened last, to reveal that she is the winner. She has the â€Å"black dot† on her slip, which had been... Free Essays on The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† For my analysis essay I have chosen to write about on of the characters in the short story â€Å"The Lottery†. â€Å"The Lottery† is a short fictional story by Shirley Jackson. The character I have chosen to write about is Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson. Mrs. Hutchinson stood out for me in this particular story, and I chose to write about her because from the moment she was intro to the story I knew she was going to die. I guess from reading the statement â€Å"I knew she was going to die† you would be thinking that she is a victim in this story. I thought the same thing at first but the more into the story I got the more it became apparent that it was completely the opposite. The more I read the more I tried to understand this small village and all of its traditions. It seems as thought the whole village is a victim to me though, because they loose valuable members of the community each year and they don’t think this is a problem. The character Mrs. Hutchinson sounds like a flat stereotypical female small town villager. The kind you picture in your head when you think about small villages wearing flower dresses and baking apple pies. As the women of the village are being described to the reader, the image of several women standing around wearing the same long flowered dresses with knitted sweaters with different color combinations comes to mind. â€Å"The women, wearing faded house dresses and sweaters, came after their men folk†. The character is reveled in untimely fashion and by this I do not mean into the story, but she is the only person to arrive late to the village square. When I read that Mrs. Hutchinson was late it reminded me of an old saying that my mother would say to me when I would show up late. â€Å"You are going to be late for you own funeral†. I find this quite ironic for Mrs. Hutchinson for although she doesn’t yet know it she is late for her own funeral. I also find it interesti... Free Essays on The Lottery A Close Encounter with Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. This description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. From the beggining Jackson takes great pains to present her short story as a folk story. Slowly, it dawns on us, the terrible outcome of what she describes. The theme learned at the end of the story leads us to think of where the sanity of human beings lies. In addition, the most important conflict is betweeen subject matter and the way the story is told. From the very first sentence of the story, â€Å"The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth......† We are given the feeling of a rural world. Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day (10:00) and what time of year (â€Å"summer†) the story takes place. This is important to get the reader to focus on what a typical day it is in a small town. She also describes that â€Å"School was recently over for the summer†, letting the reader infer that the time of year is early summer. The beauty of the day and the brilliance of nature is stressed by â€Å"clear and sunny,with fresh warmth....flowers were blooming profusely and the grass was richly green.† This provides the positive outlook and lets the reader relax into what seems a comfortable setting for the story. The description of the people and their actions is very typical. Children play happily, women gossip, and men casually talk about farming. Everyone is coming together for what looks enjoyable, festive, even a celebratory occasion. However, the pleasant description of the setting creates a facade within the story. The setting covers the ritualistic and brutally, violent traditions such as the later stoning of Ms. Hutchinson, who dared to defy tradition. The immediate conflict is the passions of the townspeople who gath... Free Essays on The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† The story of â€Å"The Lottery† is a story that is filled with a lot of misconceptions and a misunderstood tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is a story that takes place in a small foreign town on a warm and sunny day, you will see further down in the paper the significance of the weather. This story expresses a lot of controversial ideas and conflicts that make many people think and reevaluate their culture. It also brings us to realize that there are still many cultures that still use barbarous, ignorant, outdated traditions that have no significant meaning. The theme of â€Å"The Lottery† is focused around the relevance of some cultures and their traditions. In this story there are three main focuses that the author focuses on, they were ignorance, symbolism, and irony. One of the most distinct characteristics of this story is the ignorance; it is based around a very ignorant and outdated tradition. One of the more ignorant things that take place in this story is the stoning of a human for a sacrifice. The most ignorant thing in the story of â€Å"The Lottery† is the fact that they want to stop it, but they continue on to do it because of tradition. In some cases like this one tradition is not important enough to sacrifice a human life for something that has nothing to do with what it is being done for. The story of the â€Å"The Lottery† contains a great deal of symbolism there are a lot of simple things in the story that mean more than they appear to. One of the most important things in the story of â€Å"The Lottery† is the box that contains all of the slips of paper for the lottery. This box represents the tradition of the lottery; there is no significant reason for using the box besides tradition. Another example of symbolism in the story of â€Å"The Lottery† is the significance of Old Man Warner. Old Man Warner represents wisdom and the tradition of the lottery. He is the only one in the town who real... Free Essays on The Lottery The story of â€Å"The Lottery† is a story that is filled with Shirley Jackson’s view of her society. â€Å"The Lottery† is a story that takes place in a small foreign town on a warm and sunny day; you will see further down in the paper the significance of the weather. The story was used to express many controversial ideas and conflicts that can make people think about the culture that they are currently living in. Freidman notes that one of the most interesting points of this story is that the village is a typical society that any modern person could live in, â€Å"Jackson’s story portrays an â€Å"average† New England village with â€Å"average† citizens.† This points out that there could be things like this going on around us with out people even thinking that there is something wrong with it. It also brings us to realize that there are still many cultures around us that are barbaric and use outdated traditions. The theme of â€Å"The Lottery† is focused around the traditions that all people have and re-examining where those traditions come from. In this story there are three main focuses that Jackson has, they are ignorance, symbolism, and irony. One of the largest tools that Jackson uses in this story is ignorance; it is based around a very ignorant and outdated tradition. In one of Raglands critiques she states, â€Å"The Lottery is a story of mediaeval customs and how misplaced they are with in modern society.† One of the most rediculous points in the story is when you realize that they are stoning a human for a sacrifice. The most ignorant thing in the story of â€Å"The Lottery† is the fact that everyone in the town wants to stop the stoning, but nobody will do it because it is a tradition. In some cases, especially like this one, tradition is not important enough to sacrifice a human life. â€Å"The underlying current of evil would have to be the actual barbarism inherent of the lottery itself,† Ragland states. Ragla... Free Essays on The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson wrote â€Å"The Lottery† in 1948, not long after the Second World War. The horror of the Holocaust was still fresh in everyone’s minds. Jackson wrote this story to remind everyone that we are not so far from this world of sadistic human sacrifice. She created a town, very much like any American town, with the gathering of the towns people to celebrate some annual event. She wanted to shine a mirror on contemporary society, a reflection of humanity, or rather, inhumanity. One would think that she was protesting against the shallow hypocrites that rule the world. The town sets up this lottery in a very practical way; there were several things that were a part of the ritual that the town allowed to fade from practice. But the town still saw it necessary to stone a citizen to death once a year just because that was the way it was always done. Shirley Jackson wanted the world to try and find another way, to break away from traditions and be more humane human beings. Once the heads of household have drawn, everyone looks at the slip of paper in their hands and at the same time everyone is praying that it is not their family. Once again the family members draw and each one is praying it is not they, at the same time they know that they are about to lose a loved one. Everyone has felt these same feelings. A friend loses her husband or child and we say a little prayer of thanks to what ever power each of us believes in , thank goodness it was not me. When Tessie Hutchinson realizes that her family has been chosen she says, ‘ I tell you it was n’t fair. You didn’t give him time enough to choose. Everybody saw that.†(233) â€Å"The Lottery† makes one feel guilty for desiring one’s own survival. It reminds us to listen to new ideas, especially ideas that break unnecessary traditions. The world should embrace those that live their lives in a fashion that does not reflect society’s idea take les... Free Essays on The Lottery Symbolism The Lottery In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† set in a small fictional town on June 27, the townspeople gather to conduct a lottery. At the end of the drawing, one of the townspeople will be dead. The symbols chosen to use are Old Man Warner, the black box, and the stones. Old Man Warner is the oldest man in the town and he states in the story, â€Å"seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery†; he is the only person to survive the lottery for seventy-seven years. We can look at Old Man Warner as a legend in that town for surviving so many lotteries. He has been in the lottery so long that he can tell how the lottery and the townspeople have changed, from the first time he was in it; he says â€Å"It’s not the way it used to be† and â€Å"People ain’t the way they used to be†. The black box symbolizes ritual and tradition. The ritual is the sacrifice for the crops each year; the townspeople believe that if they do not make this sacrifice there will not be any crops to harvest for this season. The tradition is that this is an ongoing event, which takes place every year in this small town. The townspeople are accustomed to the tradition that has taken place for as long as they have lived there. Also, I think that the tradition may be getting old and worn out because of the condition that the black box is in, and how it travels from house to house each year. The stones symbolize man’s inhumanity to man because this shows how man can take it upon himself to portray God for as simple as belief that is pointless and is only in the mind. The children set the stones aside to be thrown at the one person that wins the dreaded lottery that every one is so anxious to play. The stones also symbolize death because the townspeople would hurdle stones at the lotto’s winner. Further more, in Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† there are many symbols in the story.... Free Essays on The Lottery Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery†, raises many questions in the back of a reader’s mind towards the destructive yet blind rituals of mankind. â€Å"The Lottery† clearly expresses Jackson’s feelings concerning mankind’s evil nature hiding behind traditions and rituals. She shows how coldness and lack of compassion in people can exhibit in situations regarding tradition and values. Jackson presents the theme of the short story with the use of symbols and setting. The setting of â€Å"The Lottery† supports the theme. Settings are constructed to help build the mood and foreshadow things to come. In the lottery though, the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. The story begins with a description of a seemingly cheerful environment. Jackson creates a comfortable atmosphere by describing the activities of the residents of the town. She describes children breaking into â€Å"boisterous play and their talk still of th e classroom† (310). Men and women are gathered in the center of the town talking about farming and taxes or into gossip. The date of the story is June twenty-seventh which Helen E. Nebeker states in American Literature, has â€Å"symbolic overtones which alerts us to the season of the summer solstice with all its overtones of ancient ritual† (102). Jackson’s description of the setting supports the theme of the story by showing how mankind is capable of cruel acts regardless of their environment. Symbolism in the story also supports the theme of â€Å"The Lottery†. The very names of the characters in the story are laden with meaning. The names of Summers, Graves, Warner, Delacroix and Hutchinson hint at the true nature of the characters. Mrs. Delacroix’s name means of the cross in Latin; therefore hinting at Tessie’s sacrificial killing. Even tough Mrs. Delacroix seems to be a friend to Mrs. Hutchinson it is she who is shown to pick up the lar gest rock and promotes other people to stone Tessie. Mr. S... Free Essays on The Lottery When I think of a lottery, I picture someone swimming in a pool of money, throwing the bills into the air, just to have the joy of watching them float back down to their side. I thought that’s where this story was going, because that's how the author sets it up. But even before the tragic end to this story, I started to pick up on some unusual things. First of all, I found the town way too skittish and rather uneasy. I know that I would be nervous for a lottery too, but not to the extent where I feel sick over it. That’s the kind of feeling that I got for the town. â€Å"...most of them were quiet, wetting their lips, not looking around.† This quote makes me pictures a mob of people standing around the black box and Mr. Summers. All of them trying not to make eye contact, staring at their shoes, praying they get to live another year. I went back over this story and read it twice, the second time I highlighted all of the things that I found unusual or interesting. If you look at my paper, almost half of every page is highlighted. Something I noticed was that the women would refer to their husbands as their ‘old man’. I wasn’t quite sure why they did that, but then I thought about the entire story. These people have been growing up in this village for probably their whole lives and each year they take the chance, live or die. If these are grown men in their thirties, forties and fifties, that's quite a long time if there’s a chance that you maybe picked to die in the next year. Old Man Warner was only 77 years old and he was the oldest man in the village. That isn’t even close to what people normally live too. When you’ve got this lottery going on, of course it’s amazing for someone to live 77 years and never get picked especially if there are only 300 people in the town. At first I thought that this town and all of the other towns that participate in the lottery had no real value for life. But ... Free Essays on The Lottery The Lottery In "The Lottery," Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The story starts off on a beautiful summer day in a small town. The author describes the day as very excited but strikes a contrast between the atmosphere of the town and the atmosphere of the people gathered in the square. The atmosphere is serious, where the children are "gathered around quietly." (335) The black box is the central theme or idea in the story. It symbolizes at first some type of mystery, but as we read the ending we realize that it is synonymous with death. Someone's fate lies in an dull object, the black box. We do not always enjoy change, even if it might prove beneficial to us. The box is symbolic of our dislike of change; it is old and splintered (337) showing that we cling to what is familiar rather than change and it also symbolizes the traditions of the community. No one in the little town questions the origin of the black bo x, but accepts it as part of their lives. The lottery itself is symbolic of the absurdity of the human consciousness between compassion on one hand and the thirst for violence and cruelty on the other. An example of this is when the children are enjoying a break from school, (335) playing and being children, and suddenly they are being joined by rational adults in stoning a mother to death. It appears that tradition has blinded these people in an irrational way, making them unable to think of a reason why this possibly should not be happening. When forced with the possibility of death, human nature in all its complexity, comes down to one instinctive urge, that of survival. When Tessie was in no danger she was gossiping with the other ladies and even encouraged her husband to go and pick a piece of paper. (338) When Tessie wins the lottery; she pleads for another chance and screams for mercy. She demands that her daughters take their chances a... Free Essays on The Lottery The most common problem with adaptation between literature and film versions is that many of the books many significant assets are lost within the story as a mundane detail. Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery written in 1948 was a very well written piece of work that was very dependent on its characters to set the tone of the story. The director of the film version of The Lottery, filmed in the nineteen sixties, also used the characters to place the overall tone of the film. The director of the film, however, accomplished an astounding feat of keeping the integrity of the literature intact, and furthermore, adding additional life to the characters. The use of facial gestures, body movements, and voices added a life to Shirley Jackson’s story that did not speak falsely of the work, but made the overall situation more true to life. For example, in Jackson’s version of the story she presents Tessie, a wife and seemingly very pleasant woman. â€Å"I almost forgot what day it was† (Jackson 461). As the reader it is unclear as to Tessie’s indications of her comment. One could assume that the character is being sincere in her speaking, but just the same the reader can be lead to assume that Tessie was merely joking around and is very eager about the events that are about to take place. The director of the movie, however, took this scene from the short story and visualized and vocalized the importance of this characters moment with speech and facial gestures. Tessie enters the scene and says, â€Å"I almost forgot what day it was† (Movie). The visualization of Tessie speaking shows that she is vibrantly smiling and looking forward to playing the lottery. The visual interpretation is more efficient because this scene is critical to show an important development in Tessie’s character portrayed later in the story. Tessie’s character change is very important to the story because it shows her true feeling towards the lottery, and ... Free Essays on The Lottery Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is a rebellious attempt to persuade America that our traditions are being carried on by thoughtless, ignorant men. Jackson tried to symbolize men as being the carriers of death and the women as the martyrs. Jackson places the setting of the story in a very peaceful, small town. She described the day as, â€Å"...clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green (Pg. 83-84).† This gives the reader a sense that everything is perfect in the â€Å"everybody knows everybody† type of town. It’s the typical American town. It’s essentially ideal. The man that she tries to portray as the ignorant man the most is Old Man Warner. Warner has been around the small town for quite some time. He holds firm in his idea that tradition should be strictly followed and never forgotten. Jackson forces the reader to only look at the fact that Warner is just a stubborn, narrowminded man. He criticizes other towns for dropping the lottery, saying that the citizens are â€Å"....a pack of crazy fools (Pg. 87).† Old Man Warner isn’t even happy with the way that the lottery is being run at the present time. He says, â€Å"It’s not the way it used to be, people aren’t the way they used to be (Pg. 87).† Even though the town is carrying on with the brutal tradition in a more modern approach, he still isn’t satisfied. This still doesn’t stop him from proceeding with the stoning. To the reader, he is nothing more than a stubborn man.Jackson doesn’t stop at Warner. There are many other men in th e story with names that have symbolic meaning towards death and doom. Mr. Graves is a prime example of a male citizen in the town with a bit of authority. He is one of the two men that arrange and proceed with the ceremony. His name, Graves, screams death and darkness. The name itself gives the reader a bit of an unconscious thought that Graves... Free Essays on The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† begins happily â€Å"clear and sunny, with (the) fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green† (255). The grass is describe as â€Å"richly green† and that â€Å"the flowers were blooming profusely† (255). These descriptions of the surroundings give the reader a nice feeling and nothing wrong with this unique town. It also pulls the unwary reader into a comfortable position by making the reader feel as if its going to be a story with a pleasant plot and happy ending. Since when one thinks ‘Lottery’ one thinks ‘lots of money’, but the reader is in store for an unexpected surprise full of changing setting, symbolism, tradition, and terrible acts. The setting in the beginning of â€Å"The Lottery† creates peacefulness and tranquility; it creates an image in the mind of a typical town on a normal summer day and what time of the year the story takes place. The villagers are a seemingly ordinary people in an ordinary American town. Pleasant, friendly, and simple, the men talk about â€Å"tractors and taxes† (255) while the boys run around piling up stones. The time of day is obviously set in the morning and the time of year is early summer. There is also mention that school has just recently let out for summer break, which of course allows the children to run around at that time of day. The location of the town square is put into perspective, â€Å"between the post office and the bank† (255). This picture for the reader shows what a small town this is, since everything is in the center or near the center of the town square. This is a key point because the town square is the location for the remaining part of the story. The town square is an important location for the setting since the ending of the story takes place here. The comfortable atmosphere remains while the residents of the town are introduced. First the children are described as assembling an... Free Essays on The Lottery The lottery begins happily: clear and sunny, with [the] fresh warmth of a full- summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green" (Jackson 1948: 674). Such a beginning lures the unwary reader into a comfortable lull. The villagers are ordinary people in an ordinary town. Pleasant, friendly and simple, the men talk about ,,tractors and taxes"(ebd.) while the boys run around piling up stones. It begins as the perfect day to be alive. The setting set forth by Shirley Jackson in the beginning of ,,The Lottery" creates a mood of peacefulness and tranquillity. This setting creates an image in the mind of the reader of a typical town on a normal summer day. With the very first words Jackson begins to establish her plot`s environment. To begin, she tells the reader what time of day and what time of year the story takes place. This is important to get the reader to focus on what a typical day it is in this small town. The time of day is set in the morning and the time of year is early summer. She also mentions that school has just recently let out for summer break, which of course allows the children to run around at that time of day. The town is one of any normal rural community. Furthermore, she describes the grass as ,,richly green" and that ,,the flowers were blooming profusely"(ebd.). These descriptions of the surroundings give the reader a serene felling about the town. Also, this makes the reader feel comfortable about it as if there was nothing wrong in this quaint town. Jackson puts in perspective the location of the square ,,between the post office and the bank" (ebd.). This visualizes for the reader what a small town this is, since everything seems to be centralized at or near the town square. This is also key in that the town square is the location for the remaining part of the story. The town square is an important location for the setting since the ending of the story will take place there. ...

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature Review - Essay Example History is replete with such instances including the Arab-Israeli war of 1948-1949 and the Balkan Crisis which ended in the breaking up of former Yugoslavia into Croat, Serb, and Bosnian states. The problem with the brokered peace in such wars is that multi-lateral agreements stem from frivolous motives. The author argues that the UN would be better off assisting the strong overcome the weak for lasting peace. Instead the peace making efforts only add to the continuity of the war by encouraging the weaker forces to remain as refugees and make for potential outbreaks of hostility, as is seen in Rwanda. The UN peace keeping forces are usually ineffective in ensuring a lasting peace through the proper use of force and the usual outcome of UN and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) peace keeping efforts is the creation of refugee nations, as is the case with Palestinians living in scattered refugee camps in the Middle-East. It is in these refugee camps that resentment of their plight and the respite provided by the peace keeping efforts that lengthens the conflict. There should be the political will not to unnecessarily intervene in wars. Powerful nations like the United States of America should discourage multi-lateral efforts to bring about peace. New rules should be created to ensure that refugee relief by the UN does not allow the creation of refugee camps, but instead repatriation, local absorption, and emigration should be encouraged to prevent any permanency of the refugee camps. These measures may seem perverse but in keeping with the paradoxical logic that wars bring peace. The strength of this article lies in its highlighting of the ineffectiveness of the peace making efforts by the UN and international bodies, whereby there is hardly any resolution the war remain, but instead it creates permanency to the presence of conflict in a

Chinas Economy and Environmental Issues Term Paper

Chinas Economy and Environmental Issues - Term Paper Example The Chinese economic transformation has mainly been dependent on the gross domestic product (GDP). As the development has continuously been achieved, various social conflicts have been emerging requiring urgent intervention to be solved. The first challenge is on institutional innovation; a good example is the transformation from planned to modern market economy. The second one is economic development where the success reaped should simultaneously be reflected in the social aspect. From researches conducted, the economy of china has been dependent on cash inflows, input of natural resources and cheap labor. This has had negative effects on the economy, and society as is reflected through income inequality, environmental degradation, and social injustice. The importance of the environment to all living things cannot be neglected; in fact, the main reason for its degradation is too much exploitation and industrial activities. The industrial activities in china have been on the increase. This has constantly polluted the environment through smoke, noise, and industrial wastes. Using current technology, some of these challenges have been addressed although not effectively. Modern machine used in china produces less noise and smoke. Despite this, the fact that the number of industries is high, the overall negative impact is high. In addition, greenhouse gasses and Sulphur-dioxide particulates from reliance on coal leads to the country receiving acid rain. The acid rains adversely affect trees at high elevation due to being exposed to acidic clouds and fog, which usually has high levels of acid than the rain. When the rain waters seeps into the soil, it dissolves some of the nutrients required by the trees for their survival. Why the past successful export?led growth model cannot continue Past successful export-led growth ended during the1990s, when Chinese cities underwent a rapid economic transition due to the phenomenon of rapidly growing low income and poor groups. The transitions also affected the social security that had existed for a long period in relation to employment, housing, education, income, and pension. The reforms made the transitional gap continue expanding resulting to growth in the urban low income and a population with high levels of poverty. There was a significant variance with in the scale of urban poor, in the middle of 1990, and according to a study conducted by National Bureau of Statistic, there were poverty incidences rate for urban population and household ranging from 4.4% to 3.84% in the year 1995 (Meng, 557). Moreover, the urban poverty line was setting per capita annual income of 1500, which was based on the calculations of urban absolute poverty in families and populati on ranging from 12.42 and 3.33 million (Chen and Fleisher, 141). According to Development Bank, in 2002 there was a report that indicated the incidence rate of urban poverty in China in 1998 amounted to 4.7% and with the inclusion of the immigrants; the rate would reach 7.4% by 1999. The incidence of urban poverty rate in 2000 in thirteen cities was identified to be higher ten percent than higher, compared to 1995, as it was indicated by a sample survey conducted on the same cites (Chen and Fleisher, 141). The increase in the population lay off, unemployed, migrated from rural areas, dropped out, or retired is contributing to the diversification of the urban